Heft 5/2025

Inhaltsübersicht – Zeitschrift für Sport und Recht – Heft 5/2025

Das Heft 4/2025 der SpuRt wird postalisch in der 38. KW zugestellt und ist seit dem 13.09.2025 im Modul Sportrecht plus auf Beck-Online abrufbar.

Editorial

  • Der König ist tot, lang lebe der König (A. Rombach, S. 421)

Aufsätze 

In the general Part 1 of this article, the refusal to admit the Greenlandic football association to UEFA and CONCACAF was taken as the occasion to present the foundations of world football’s constitutional system. Particular emphasis was placed on showing how the statutes of FIFA and the confederations are subject to constitutional modifications external to the legal order, which may take precedence over and shape the written association law. Building on this, the present Part 2 discusses the territorially based criteria for the admission of national associations to international federations as positively codified within the multi-level system of world football, and critically examines them using the example of Greenland’s isolation. A concluding Part 3 will apply the constitutional modifications external to the legal order, identified in general terms in Part 1, to the concrete positive-law findings established here.

  • Finanzierung im Profifußball — Die wesentlichen Finanzierungsformen im Praxis-Check (Tei l1) (M. Breuer/A. Galli, S. 429)

The financial situation of many professional soccer clubs is tense. Against this backdrop, the question arises as to what basic financing options are available to clubs. The first part of the article outlines the basics of financing, summarizes the status of financing in professional club football, analyzes various options for internal financing, and shows why these play a limited role in the practice of professional football. The second part of the article deals with the instruments of external financing and analyzes sport- and club-specific characteristics, with particular emphasis on the role of certain stakeholder groups such as fans, sponsors, investors, and institutional and non-institutional lenders. The analysis focuses in particular on German professional football. It examines the financing of a wide variety of clubs, including Bayern München, Borussia Dortmund, 1. FC Köln, Schalke 04, Hertha BSC Berlin, and 1. FC Kaiserslautern.

  • Zwischen Fairness und Inklusion (S. Netzle, S. 432)

This article provides an overview of the questions and answers concerning the implications of the decision of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Semenya v. Switzerland on eligibility to compete in the women’s category.

  • Effektiver Athletenschutz im Spannungsfeld von Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und Uniosrecht? (N. Pauer, S. 436)

The arbitration system in professional sports is facing reforms. Central to this is the legal status and procedural structure of the Swiss International Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS), which was established by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1984. Despite gaining independence from the IOC, the CAS has come under increasing criticism in recent years from both a substantive and procedural perspective. While the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) had to remind the CAS to comply with constitutional standards in the case of former middle-distance runner Caster Semenya, the European Court of Justice (CJEU) has now ruled in the RFC Seraing case that athletes are entitled to a substantive review of CAS decisions based on EU law. Against the backdrop of the CJEU ruling in International Skating Union, this includes the provisions of European antitrust law. The article first outlines the relationship between antitrust law and international arbitration and then discusses possible areas for reforming the sports arbitration system. These include a combination of structural, procedural, and institutional aspects.

  • Auswirkungen des EU-Omnibus-Verfahrens auf die Nachhaltigkeitsberichtspflichten der DFL-Clubs (A. Hecker, S. 442)

The article discusses the impact of the EU Omnibus Procedure on the sustainability reporting obligations of German Football League (DFL) clubs. Initially, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) was set to impose additional reporting duties on many first and second division clubs. However, the Omnibus Procedure has revised the CSRD, altering its reporting timelines, target audience, and content requirements, significantly affecting its impact on these clubs. The DFL has also adjusted its sustainability criteria, emphasizing strategic sustainability management. The article highlights the evolution from voluntary to mandatory reporting, with clubs like Borussia Dortmund already subject to the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD) due to their market presence. The Omnibus Procedure delays CSRD implementation and raises thresholds for reporting, potentially exempting most DFL clubs. While some clubs may still be indirectly affected, the article suggests that the revised CSRD and EU Taxonomy Regulation will influence clubs‘ sustainability strategies and reporting. The DFL’s updated guidelines and the EU’s streamlined regulations aim to reduce bureaucracy and focus on key sustainability issues, reflecting a broader shift towards targeted sustainability implementation in both the EU corporate and German football landscapes.

  • Die 2-Meter-Regel des § 37 Abs. 3 LWaldG BW (T. Kessler, S. 447)

The article examines the civil liability implications of the „2-Meter Rule“ in § 37 Abs. 3 S. 3 of the Baden- Württemberg State Forest Law (LWaldG BW), which prohibits mountain biking on forest trails narrower than 2 meters. It explores whether this regulation constitutes a protective law under § 823 Abs. 2 of the German Civil Code (BGB), thereby expanding liability risks for mountain bikers riding on forest trails for which no exemption has been granted by the lower forestry authorities. The rule aims to protect pedestrians, wildlife, and hunting activities and does not expressly protect other bikers, impacting liability in accidents between bikers. Citing analogous cases involving cyclists on sidewalks, the article concludes that bikers violating the 2-Meter Rule cannot claim protection as a defense, similar to adults cycling on pedestrian walkways under § 2 Abs. 1 of the German Road Traffic Regulations (StVO). However, pedestrians can invoke the rule for protection due to its explicit intent to safeguard them, bolstering their claims for injuries caused by such violators. Trainers leading mountain bike tours also face potential liability for participant-caused harm to pedestrians. By choosing routes that violate the 2-Meter Rule, trainers increase the risk of participants causing accidents with pedestrians, possibly falling within § 823 Abs. 2 BGB’s purview. Although trainers may have recourse to insurance through club affiliations, the rule still presents liability concerns for volunteer trainers. To strengthen the voluntary sector the Baden-Württemberg state legislature should therefore ensure harmonization and adaptation to the state forest laws of all other German federal states.

  • Schadensersatzansprüche eines Fußballspielers gegen störende Zuschauer mit spieltechnischen Auswirkungen (A. Bissels / L. Šilić, S. 451)

The article examines whether football players can claim damages from disruptive spectators if such misconduct affects the match and leads to a loss of point bonuses from their club. It refers to the controversial Union Berlin–VfL Bochum game, where the DFB Sports Court awarded Bochum a 2:0 win after a Union fan threw a lighter at the Bochum goalkeeper, nullifying the original 1:1 draw and depriving Union players of bonuses. Potential legal grounds are discussed. Under §§ 280 Abs. 1, 241 Abs. 2 BGB, players might fall within the protective scope of the “Zuschauervertrag” between club and spectator, given their safety interests and the club’s competitive aims. A claim based on culpa in contrahendo (§§ 311 Abs. 2, 241 Abs. 2, 280 Abs. 1 BGB) is deemed inapplicable, as no contractual interactions exist between player and spectator. Claims under § 823 BGB (violation of absolute rights or statutes) are likewise rejected. Finally, the article

Rechtsprechung

Kurzübersicht (S. 458)

Internationales

  • EGMR: Besonders strenger Prüfungsmaßstab für CAS-Schiedssprüche durh das SchwBGer (Fall Caster Semenya) (S. 458)
  • EuGH: Verbindlichkeit und Überprüfbarkeit von CAS-Schiedssprüchen in der EU (Fall Seraing) (S. 472)
  • Trinbunal de première instance francophone de Bruxelles: Unvereinbarkeit der UCI-Transgender-Regel mit belgischen Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften (S. 483)
  • CAS: Strafbarkeit von Meldepflichtverstößen bei bestrittener Doping-Testpoolzugehörigkeit (S. 487)
Ordentliche Gerichtsbarkeit
  • AG Heidelberg: Geldersatz für nach der Satzung geschuldeter Arbeitsstunden (S. 492)
  • AG Siegburg: Kein Schadensersatz bei Kabinenbeschädigung durch Gastmannschaft (S. 494)
Arbeitsgerichtsbarkeit
  • LAG Köln: Arbeitnehmereigenschaft der DFB-Schiedsrichter (S. 497)
  • ArbG Frankfurt am Main: Beschäftigungsanspruch im Eishockey bei fraglicher Tauglichkeitsprüfung (S. 504)

Nationale Schiedsgerichtbarkeit

  • StSchiedsGLZ: Spielwertung bei faktischem Spielabbruch (S. 509)

Verbandsgerichtsbarkeit

  • DFB-Bundesgericht: Anforderungen für Spielverlegung im DFB-Pokalwettbewerb (Fall Mainz 05) (S. 514)
  • WDFV-VG: Zur Einsatzfähigkeit von Spielern der unteren in der höheren Mannschaft (II) (S. 517)
  • FLVW-VSG: Zur Einsatzfähigkeit von Spielern der unteren in den höheren Mannschaften (S. 518)
  • BFV-SportG: Pyrotechnik zu Ehren eines verstorbenen Spielers (S. 520)
  • WTTV-VG: Fristbeginn bei der Anfechtung von Verbandsstagsbeschlüssen (S. 521)

Schaufenster

  • Tagungsankündigung: „3rd BAT Conference“ des Basketball Arbitral Tribu- nal in München (17.10.2025) (S. 523)
  • Imane Khelif legt Berufung beim CAS gegen World Boxing ein – Eilantrag abgelehnt (S. 523)
  • Maisonneuve/Rabu: Les grandes décisions du droit du sport (Rez. Kornbeck, S. 524)